Science ki duniya

Introduction Peas, Beans and Clover are among the 18 000 species in the pea family most species in this family including these three are known as nitrogen fixers they increase the level of nitrogen in the soil which plants need to produce proteins so they can grow and chlorophyll so they can photosynthesize one way to use this in the garden is to interplant nitrogen fixers with other plants that need a lot of nitrogen or you could plant a nitrogen-fixing cover crop like clover for fertile soil next year  this can be useful but doesn't nitrogen fertilizer do the same thing but more conveniently why bother with this nitrogen fixation thing understanding this requires us to understand how nitrogen fixation works which in turn requires us to understand the broader nitrogen cycle. The Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen makes up 78 of the earth's atmosphere by volume but most of this nitrogen takes the form of two nitrogen atoms strongly bonded together which isn't very reactive and is u

How you can separate leaf pigments by a process known as chromatography?  In this example I'm going to use spinach leaves so the first step is for you to obtain your plant that contains the pigments you wish to separate break up one of the leaves and de little pieces and place it in a mortar add a few drops of acetone and a little bit of sand as this helps with grinding up the leaves use the pestle mortar to grind up the leaves and to release the pigments if it helps here  you can add a few more drops of acetone but ultimately the objective is to obtain a concentrated pigment in a liquid at the bottom of the mortar. Chromatography Paper after you've done this then you need to prepare your chromatography paper now this does actually work best with thin layer chromatography paper but you can also use regular chromatography paper to prepare you're going to obtain a pencil and it is important that it's a pencil not a pen because a pen contains other pigments use the pencil

  Merits of Bessey's system of classification: 1.Although Bessey initially followed Bentham and Hooker's system of classification however did not place the  Gymnosperms in between Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons as in Bentham and Hooker's system. 2.Bessy abolished Monochlamydeae from his system and distributed the families of Monochlamydeae in Oppositifoliae of Dicotyledons. 3.Ranales, which are accepted as the primitive forms form the starting point of Bessey's system. 4.The families with superior ovary precade families with inferior ovary in this system. Demerits of Bessey's system of classification:   1.In this system, the monocots have been discussed prior to dicots, which is its greatest demerit. 2.Hypogyny, perigyny and epigyny have been emphasized too much in the system.

                            THE GENETIC CODE

Post-Transcriptional Modification   We're looking at something specific that happens only in eukaryotic cells and it's the idea that the mRNA after it's been trench transcribed can actually be modified and you can cut out little bits and pieces that are not necessary for the coding for the protein and then stick all the useful pieces back together hopefully you can see that in this little diagram here we're going to remove all the grey bits glue all the white bits back together and that's going to be our message that's going to be useful for translating into the final protein so let's talk about what's going on here so we have our DNA that gets transcribed here's our actual copy the mRNA we have these gray parts to remove I like to call them intruders because you're getting in the way these introns are removed and these exons are actually the good stuff.  We cut out all the gray things and then glue all the introns together it's called modif

 Post Translational Modification Protein after or during translation undergo several modifications to become functional, which are discussed as under: During and after its synthesis a polypeptide chain begin to coil and fold spontaneously forming a functional protein of specific conformation. A gene determines primary structure, and primary structure in turn determines conformation. In many cases, chaperone proteins help the polypeptide to fold correctly. Additional steps such as post-translational  modifications may be required before the protein can begin doing its particular job in the cell. Enzymes may remove one or more amino acids from the leading (amino) end of the polypeptide chain .In some cases, a single polypeptide chain may be enzymatically cleaved into two or more pieces. For examples, the protein insulin is first synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, but becomes active only after an enzyme exercise a central part of the chain leaving a protein made up of two polyp

DNA replication .     DNA is, it's a two-stranded polymer of nucleotides  and each strand has a backbone made of i dentical sugar and phosphate group s with different nitrogenous bases pointing inwards, pairing in base specific manner, A with T and C with G.   These long molecules are coiled around  histones and then supercoiled to give compact chromosomes, each with many millions of base pairs. All of your genetic material, 23 pairs of chromosomes to be exact, is present in every single cell in your body. But your cells are dividing all the time. Old ones die and new ones are generated to take their place. In fact, apart from female egg cells, there's not a single cell in your body that was there when you were born. So how does each new cell get all of the genetic material? As it happens, all of it is copied through a process called DNA replication, so that when a cell divide’s each resulting cell keeps a copy of all of your chromosomes. So how does D

  NUTS  A nuts is  single celled, single seeded dry fruit with hard pericarp. These have high protein and  fat contents besides starch ,sugar and mineral elements. Depending upon the type of content which they contain ,nuts are divided into three categories:- (1) Nuts with high protein content. (2) Nuts with high carbohydrates content. (3) Nuts with high fat content. (I)   Nuts with high protein content: (i)Almonds (badam) : prunus amygdalus ; Fam- Rosaceae (ii)Green almond(pista)  : pistacia vera ; Fam- Anacardiaceae (iii) Beech nuts : Fagus sylvatica ; Fam- F agaceae (II) Nuts with high carbohydrates  content:  (i) Chest nut: Castanea sativa ; Fam - F agaceae (III) Nuts with high fat content. (i) Coconut (nariyal): Cocas nucifera ; Fam- P almae It is commonly known as Kalpavriksha because a number of useful products are obtained from it. Chiefly grown in Kerala (Kerala mean land of coconut). Nearly all parts of these nuts are used .These provide a nutritious refreshing juice.

GYMNOSPERM : They are naked seeded plants. Root cap developed from dermatogens.                                                                     Vessels are present in xylem. sieve tubes are without companion cells. Cones are produced in them for reproduction. Ovules are naked. Ovary is absent. Pollen chamber are produced on the ovule. Archegonia are present. No double fertilization occurs. Cotyledons are more than two. Fruit is not formed. ANGIOSPERMS: Their  seeds are enclosed in fruit. Root cap developed from calyptron. Vessels are present in xylem. Sieve tubes are with companion cell. Flowers are produced in them for reproduction.          Ovule is present inside the ovary. Pollen chamber are not produced on the ovule. Archegonia are absent. Double fertilization occurs. Cotyledons are one or two. Fruit is formed.

Millet Small sized grains are known as millets. ·         The edible portion in millets is  endosperm . Some of the important millets are:       Sorghum:   sorghum vulgare (jawar)         Centre of origin of Sorghum is Asia and Africa. It is a staple food for millions of people in these continents.       Sorghum is used in various ways. i.e., in preparation of paper, brushes, etc.        It is also used as fodder.   2.       Pearl millet: pennisetum typhoides (bajra)          Centre of origin of Pearl millet is Africa and is the most important Indian millet.          Pearl millet can be grown in both Kharif as well as Rabi seasons.          It can grow well in the regions of less rainfall(dry farming crop).          Pearl millet also used as food by poor people.          Its flour is used in making chapatis.          The plant is also used as forage.   3.        Finger millet: Eleusine coracana (Ragi) ·         Finger millet is also k own as African mille

 How To Use Micro centrifuge machine in lab? microcentrifuge         Using of micro centrifuge:      You are going to use a new piece of lab equipment today it is a micro centrifuge . if you push down on here it will open the lid please don't just try to pry it open you have to push this and then you can gently lift the lid and then it has a power button but it won't turn on unless you plug it in there's the power supply on the back you'll be given your power cord just like the heat block plug it in .         So, when you use this it's very important that the tubes are placed in here across from each other to balance so you will be placing one milliliter of your yeast solution to start with again stir it make sure it's good and stirred so the micro pipette you've used this but you've never really measured with it so this mark right here is very small it's the last mark at the top that is one milliliter so you will apply a little bit of pressure at t